Earth Structure from Free Oscillations and Travel Times*

An extensive set of reliable gross Earth data has been inverted to obtain a new estimate of the radial variations of seismic velocities and density in the Earth. The basic data set includes the observed mass and moment of inertia, the average periods of free oscillation (taken mainly from the Dziewonski-Gilbert study), and five new sets of differential travel-time data. The differential travel-time data consists of the times of PcP-P and ScSS , which contain information about mantle structure, and the times of P'AB P'DF and P'Bc PIDF, which are sensitive to core structure. A simple but realistic starting model was constructed using a number of physical assumptions, such as requiring the Adams-Williamson relation to hold in the lower mantle and core. The data were inverted using an iterative linear estimation algorithm. By using baseline-insensitive differential travel times and averaged eigenperiods, a considerable improvement in both the quality of the fit and the resolving power of the data set has been realized. The spheroidal and toroidal data are fit on the average to 0.04 and 0.08 per cent, respectively. The final model, designated model B 1, also agrees with Rayleigh and Love wave phase and group velocity data. The ray-theoretical travel times of P waves computed from model B1 are about 0.8s later than the 1968 Seismological Tables with residuals decreasing with distance, in agreement with Cleary & Hales and other recent studies. The computed PcP, P K P , and P K i K P times are generally within 0.5 s of the times obtained in recent studies. The travel times of S computed from B l are 5-10 s later than the Jeffreys-Bullen Tables in the distance range 30" to 95", with residuals increasing with distance. These S times are in general agreement with the more recent data of Kogan, Ibrahim & Nuttli, Lehmann, Cleary, and Bolt et al. Model B1 is characterized by an upper mantle with a high, 4.8 km s-l, S, velocity and a normal, 3.33 g ~ m ~ , density. A low-velocity zone for S is required by the data, but a possible low-velocity zone for compressional waves cannot be resolved by the basic data set. The upper mantle transition zone contains two first-order discontinuities at depths of 420 km and 671 km. Between these discontinuities the shear velocity decreases with depth. The radius of the core, fixed by PcP P times and previous mode inversions, is 3485 km, and the radius of the inner core-outer core boundary is 1215 km. There are no other first-order discontinuities in the core model. The shear velocity in the inner core is about 3.5 km s-'.